PYTHON

python inspect

import inspect
import pprint

data_str = 'my data'
#returns a list of method/function names for data_str object
data_str_methods = inspect.getmembers(data_str, inspect.isfunction(data_str))
pprint.pprint(data_str_methods)

def hello_world():
  '''returns hello world string'''
  return 'hello world'


# stores hello_world source code
hello_world_source_code = inspect.getsource(hello_world)

print(hello_world_source_code)
# output
# def hello_world():
#  '''returns hello world string'''
#  return 'hello world'

print(inspect.getdoc(print))
# output
# print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='
', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
#
# Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
# Optional keyword arguments:
# file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
# sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.
# end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.
# flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.

python inspect

txt = "this is a wild string"

print(txt.replace("i", "x"))  # print string with all i characters replaced with x
print(txt.replace("i", "x", 2))  # print string with first two i characters found with x
print(txt.upper())  # print string in all uppercase letters
print(txt.lower())  # print string in all uppercase letters

print(ord('A'))  # print the ordinal value of a character
print(chr(95))  # print character from its ordinal value
print('Yes' * 5) # print string Yes 5 times

# Reference strings by index
print(txt[0])  # print first letter of string from starting index
print(txt[0:2])  # print first two letters from starting index
print(txt[1:])  # print all characters except the first letter
print(txt[0::2])  # print every second character
print(txt[::-1])  # print string in reverse
print(txt[-1])  # print the last character in a string
print(txt[-2:])  # print the last who characters in a string

# check if a wild is found in txt
if "wild" in txt:
  print("wild is found in txt")

# check if a blah is not found in txt
if "blah" not in txt:
  print("is not found in txt")

# Check if txt starts with this
if txt.startswith("this"):
  print("Starts with this")

# check if txt ends with ing
if txt.endswith("ing"):
  print("Ends with ing")

# Split a string into a tuple when the delimiter is first encountered
txt = 'random-data'

data_split = txt.partition('-')
print(data_split)
# output ('random', '-', 'data')

len(txt)  # Return length of string

# loop through each character in string
for char in txt:
  print(char)

# Display price with commas and 2 digit precision
price = 9749000
display_price = f"My price {price:,.2f}"
print(display_price)


fruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana']
fruits.count('apple')  # count number of apples found in list
# output 2
fruits.count('tangerine')  # count number of tangerines in list
# output 0
fruits.index('banana')  # find the first index of banana
# output 3
fruits.index('banana', 4)  # Find next banana starting a position 4
# output 6
fruits.reverse()  # reverse fruits array
fruits
# output ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange']
fruits.append('grape')  # append grape at the end of array
fruits
# output ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange', 'grape']
fruits.sort()
fruits
# output ['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'banana', 'grape', 'kiwi', 'orange', 'pear']

len(fruits)  # length of fruits array
# output 8

# loop and print each fruit
for fruit in fruits:
  print(fruit)
  
empty_set = set()

basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}
print(basket)                      # show that duplicates have been removed
# output {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'}

# check if orange is in basket set
print('orange' in basket)
# output true

# convert a string to a set of letters - sets contains no duplicates
set_a = set('abcd')
set_b = set('bcde')

# the operations below returns new sets
# print letters in set_a but not in set_b - difference
print(set_a - set_b)
# output {'a'}

# print set letters that is in either set a or b - union
print(set_a | set_b)
# output {'a', 'c', 'e', 'b', 'd'}

# print letters that are in both set_a and set_b - intersection
print(set_a & set_b)
# output {'c', 'd', 'b'}

# print letters that are in set_a and set_b when the letters are found in a set but no the other set - symmetric_difference()
print(set_a ^ set_b)
# output {'a', 'e'}

# Creating dictionaries
dict1 = {'color': 'blue', 'shape': 'square', 'volume': 40}
dict2 = {'color': 'red', 'edges': 4, 'perimeter': 15}

# Creating new pairs and updating old ones
dict1['area'] = 25  # {'color': 'blue', 'shape': 'square', 'volume': 40, 'area': 25}
dict2['perimeter'] = 20  # {'color': 'red', 'edges': 4, 'perimeter': 20}

# Accessing values through keys - an KeyError will occur if the key does not exists
print(dict1['shape'])

# You can also use get, which doesn't cause an exception when the key is not found
dict1.get('false_key')  # returns None
dict1.get('false_key', "key not found")  # returns the custom message that you wrote

# Delete item key and return the value if the key does not exists a KeyError occurs
print(dict1.pop('volume'))

# Merging two dictionaries
dict1.update(dict2)  # if a key exists in both, it takes the value of the second dict
dict1  # {'color': 'red', 'shape': 'square', 'area': 25, 'edges': 4, 'perimeter': 20}

# Getting only the values, keys or both (can be used in loops)
dict1.values()  # dict_values(['red', 'square', 25, 4, 20])
dict1.keys()  # dict_keys(['color', 'shape', 'area', 'edges', 'perimeter'])
dict1.items()
# dict_items([('color', 'red'), ('shape', 'square'), ('area', 25), ('edges', 4), ('perimeter', 20)])

# create a shallow copy of dict1
dict3 = dict1.copy()
# dict3 = {'color': 'red', 'shape': 'square', 'area': 25, 'edges': 4, 'perimeter': 20}

python inspect module

# allow you to inspect the member functions of a class
import inspect
from pprint import pprint
pprint(inspect.getmembers(Class_to_inspect, inspect.isfunction))