SHELL

shell remove last character

# removes the FIRST character
cut -c2-
# removes the FIRST 5 characters
cut -c6-
# removes the LAST 3 characters
rev | cut -c4- | rev
# returns the charcaters INBETWEEN the 2. and 4. character
cut -c2-4

bash remove last character from string

country="portugal"
modified=${country::-3}

echo $modified

Output:
	"portu"

bash remove last character from string

myString=${myString::-1}